Determinants of Ecological Footprint: Empirical Evidence from Selected South Asian Economies

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of globalization, tourism travel expenditures, technological innovations and population density on the ecological footprint of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh during the period of 1995 to 2020. To measure the short and long run association, Panel Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) method is utilized. The results indicate that there is significant positive long run relationship between globalization & technological innovation with the ecological footprint of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. While, contrarily, expenditures on tourism travel and population density has significant negative impact on the ecological footprint.  The study suggests limiting the level of globalization at optimum level and favors innovations of green technology.